Type 2 Diabetes
Reversible for some, lifelong for others — but always manageable.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition where insulin resistance and, eventually, reduced insulin production raise blood glucose. Long-term complications include eye, kidney, nerve, and heart damage, but tight early control dramatically reduces risk.
Causes & risk factors
- Genetics and family history
- Overweight, especially abdominal fat
- Physical inactivity
- Age over 45 (though rising in younger adults)
- Gestational diabetes in prior pregnancy
- PCOS and other insulin-resistance states
Symptoms
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Increased thirst and hunger
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and slow-healing wounds
- Blurred vision
- Tingling in hands or feet
How it's diagnosed
- HbA1c ≥ 6.5% on two occasions
- Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL on two occasions
- Random glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL with symptoms
- Oral glucose tolerance test in borderline cases
- Baseline kidney, lipid, and liver function
Evidence-based treatment
- Weight loss — 5-10% can dramatically improve control
- Mediterranean-style or low-carb diet
- Metformin as first-line drug
- GLP-1 agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide) for weight + glucose
- SGLT2 inhibitors for heart and kidney protection
- Insulin when oral agents are insufficient
Prevention
- Maintain healthy weight
- Daily movement — walks after meals
- Reduce refined carbs and sugary drinks
- Annual HbA1c from 35, earlier if high risk
Related symptoms
Type 2 Diabetes — FAQ
Can type 2 diabetes be reversed?
A meaningful minority of patients can achieve non-diabetic HbA1c values with substantial weight loss, especially if the diagnosis is recent. Ongoing lifestyle maintenance is essential.
What HbA1c should I aim for?
Under 7% is the standard adult target. Younger patients without complications often aim for under 6.5%; older patients or those with cardiovascular disease may accept 7.5-8%.
Other conditions
This page is general information, not medical advice for any specific person. For diagnosis and treatment, book a consultation.